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KPV Peptide References

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of these sources. Studies are cited with PMID and DOI; FDA pages are cited with their public URLs.

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Cited sources

This list collects the KPV peptide references cited across the site. Each peer-reviewed source carries its PubMed identifier (PMID) and, where available, its DOI; identifiers were verified against PubMed and Crossref rather than copied from secondary aggregators, because PMID and DOI errors are common in web sources for KPV. The regulatory pages are cited to FDA.gov and were verified to load and contain the cited text. The full citation for each numbered marker appears in the reference index below.

  1. Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. ↗
  2. Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-331. ↗
  3. Getting SJ, Schiöth HB, Perretti M. Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;306(2):631-637. ↗
  4. Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):581-602. ↗
  5. Xiao B, Xu Z, Viennois E, et al. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. ↗
  6. Bonfiglio V, Camillieri G, Avitabile T, Leggio GM, Drago F. Effects of the COOH-terminal tripeptide alpha-MSH(11-13) on corneal epithelial wound healing: role of nitric oxide. Exp Eye Res. 2006;83(6):1366-1372. ↗
  7. Laroui H, Dalmasso G, Nguyen HT, Yan Y, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. Drug-loaded nanoparticles targeted to the colon with polysaccharide hydrogel reduce colitis in a mouse model. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):843-853. ↗
  8. Zhao Y, et al. Skin-adaptive film dressing with smart-release of growth factors accelerated diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;222(Pt A):1738-1748. ↗
  9. Barcellini W, Colombo G, La Maestra L, et al. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides inhibit HIV-1 expression in chronically infected promonocytic U1 cells and in acutely infected monocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(5):693-699. ↗
  10. Catania A, Cutuli M, Garofalo L, et al. New insights into the functions of alpha-MSH and related peptides in the immune system. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:133-140. ↗
  11. Ji HX, Zou YL, Duan JJ, et al. The synthetic melanocortin (CKPV)2 exerts anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory effects against Candida albicans vaginitis via inducing macrophage M2 polarization. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56004. ↗
  12. Dettin M, et al. Structural modification of the tripeptide KPV by reductive glycoalkylation of the lysine residue. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199686. ↗
  13. Zhang D, et al. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combination treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1442876. ↗
  14. Lin X, et al. KPV and RAPA Self-Assembled into Carrier-Free Nanodrugs for Vascular Calcification Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2024;13:e2402320. ↗
  15. Inflammation-triggered self-immolative conjugates enable oral peptide delivery by overcoming epithelial barriers. Sci Adv. 2026. ↗
  16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. FDA Human Drug Compounding (defines the 503A/503B framework, the USP/NF-monograph / component-of-approved-drug / bulks-list eligibility test, and the PCAC-informed nomination process; verified 2026-05-29). ↗
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Human Drug Compounding (general information on the lawful access pathway: licensed-prescriber evaluation, valid patient-specific prescription, 503A compounding pharmacy or 503B outsourcing facility, telehealth as a front-end channel, and the ingredient-eligibility caveat; verified 2026-05-29). ↗
  18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. FDA Advisory Committee Calendar (public agenda listing KPV, BPC-157, TB-500, and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances "being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List"; a scheduled discussion, not a decision; verified 2026-05-29). ↗